ACL tears: ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) injuries are among the most common and serious knee injuries, often occurring during sports or activities that involve sudden stops, pivots, or changes in direction.  Early diagnosis and proper management are key to a full recovery and a compression discussion around both non-operative and operative options are important when deciding on a treatment pathway. 

PCL tears: PCL (posterior cruciate ligament) tears are less common than ACL injuries but can still cause significant knee pain and instability, especially after a direct blow to the front of the knee or a fall. 

Collateral ligament tears (medial and/or lateral ligament): Collateral ligament tears, involving either the medial (MCL) or lateral (LCL) ligaments, often result from a direct impact to the side of the knee. These injuries can cause pain, swelling, and a feeling of instability, particularly during side-to-side movements. Prompt evaluation ensures proper healing and reduces the risk of long-term knee instability.

Patello-femoral injuries: Patellofemoral injuries involve the kneecap (patella) and the surrounding structures, often causing pain at the front of the knee, especially during activities like squatting, climbing stairs, or sitting for extended periods. Common conditions include patellofemoral pain syndrome and patellar tracking issues, which can result from overuse, muscle imbalances, or structural misalignment. 

Meniscal injuries: The meniscus is a C-shaped piece of cartilage that acts as a cushion between the thighbone and shinbone. Tears can occur from trauma or degeneration over time. Symptoms often include pain, swelling, locking, or a catching sensation in the knee. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the tear and can range from physiotherapy and activity modification to surgical repair or removal.